试论老庄哲学中的“德”:几个问题的新思考
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引用本文:郑开.试论老庄哲学中的“德”:几个问题的新思考[J].湖南大学学报社会科学版,2016,(4):59-66
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作者单位
郑开 (北京大学 哲学系北京100871) 
中文摘要:老庄哲学语境中的“德”含义复杂且深邃,比如说“玄德”概念及其理论创造性地发展了由来已久的德的观念,可谓思想史进程中“哲学突破”的重要标尺。围绕着老庄哲学的“德”,有若干问题值得深入探究:第一,道与德之间的关系能否归结于“德者,得也”的训诂解释,或者说道与德之间是否有那种亚里士多德意义上的分有关系?如果考虑到“德”实际上意味着“性”或者更深意味的“性之性”,那么德就具有两层含义:万物殊性且自得其性的性;万物玄同意义上的“性之性”。第二,老庄往往通过宇宙论模式阐发道物关系,同时也展现了探究德与物之间关系的多元思考,后者隐含了一种心性论的旨趣。第三,作为价值判断语词的“德”,足以提示出超越于伦理规范的原初伦理,即更高理论层次的德性伦理学(含政治哲学)。这几个问题的新思考有助于加深对老庄哲学的理解。
中文关键词:  玄德      德善
 
A Discussion of “De” within Lao-Zhuang Philosophy: New Thoughts on a Few Problems
Abstract:Within the context of Lao-Zhuang philosophy, the meaning of “De” is complex and profound. For example, the concept of “Xuan De” and its creative theoretic development built on the long established concept of “De”, which can be seen as an important measuring stick of a “philosophic breakthrough” within the course of intellectual development. There are several problems worthy of a discussion surrounding the concept of “De” within Lao-Zhuang philosophy. First, can the relationship between “Dao” and “De” be summed up by the exegetical interpretation that “De is that which is obtained”? In other words, is the relationship between “Dao” and “De” one of “participation” in the Aristotelian sense? If we consider that “De” really implies “nature”, or the more profound “nature of nature”, then “De” would have two meanings: the particular nature that is inherent to and characteristic of each of the myriad things as it is, and the universal “nature of nature” that belongs to the myriad things as they are undifferentiated. Second, Laozi and Zhuangzi often expound on the relationship between “Dao” and “Things” via a cosmological model, which, at the same time, reveals the multi-faceted reflections on the inquiries into the relationship between "De" and Things. The latter contains an exploration that pertains to a kind of Heart-Mind/Nature Theory. Third, “De”, as it is used as a vocabulary in evaluative judgment, sufficiently indicates an original moral theory that is beyond the scope of ethical norms, that is to say, a virtue ethics which includes political philosophy is of a higher theoretical order. New thoughts on these few problems will be conducive to a deeper understanding of Lao-Zhuang philosophy.
keywords:De  Xuan De (Obscure De)  Dao  nature  De Shan
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