篇章结构句法化与系词“是”的产生和发展

刘文正

篇章结构句法化与系词“是”的产生和发展

引用本文：刘文正.篇章结构句法化与系词“是”的产生和发展[J].湖南大学学报社会科学版,2025,(4):82-90

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作者	单位
刘文正	（湖南大学中国语言文学学院，湖南长沙 410082）

中文摘要:“是”最初用于叙事篇章，只能做回指事物的指代词（“是物”），可做主、宾、同位语等成分，西周晚期分化出“是事”，回指事件。两周之交“是”扩大到“叙事+议论”篇章，“是物”的意义、功能没有变化，而“是事”产生了连接功能和多种谓词用法。“是物”和“是事”都可用于判断句，但前者是“是+NP+也”，后者是“是+谓+VP/NP”，到战国时期后者变得与前者一致。战国以来，“是事”的谓词用法继续增长，也推动“是物”产生谓词用法。二者所处的“叙事+议论”篇章都在朝句式演变，但“是物”所在篇章率先完成句法化，使“是物”演变为系词。汉代，“是事”所在篇章也完成句法化，“是事”也演变成系词。此后判断句的功能逐渐向描写扩展，“也”开始脱落，系词意义逐渐变化。东晋“是”已与现代汉语接近，南北朝基本只作系词。系词“是”是篇章句法化的产物，是隐喻和扩展、类推、韵律、重新分析等机制共同作用的结果。

中文关键词:是篇章句法化指代词系词

Syntacticalization of Text Structure and the Emergence and Development of the Copula “Shi（是）”

Abstract:“Shi（是）”was originally used in narratives，only as a pronoun，referring to things “shi thing（是物）”，and as a subject，object，appositive，etc. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty，the term “shi event（是事）” was differentiated to refer to events. At the turn of the Zhou Dynasty，“shi （是）” extended to “narrative + argument” text,and the meaning and function of “shi thing（是物）” remained unchanged，while “shi event（是事）” developed a connective function and multiple predicative usages. Both of them can be used in judgement sentences，but the former is “shi（是）+ NP + ye（也）”，the latter is “shi（是）+ wei（谓） + VP/NP”,and by the Warring States period，the latter became consistent with the former. Since the Warring States Period，the use of the predicate “shi event（是事）” has continued to grow，and also promoted the predicative verb of “shi thing（是物）”. The “narrative + argumant” text in which they are located is evolving towards a syntactic form，while the text in which “shi thing（是物）” is located is the first to complete its syntacticization，so that “shi thing（是物）” has evolved into a copula. During the Han Dynasty，the text in which “shi event（是事）” was written was also syntactically completed，and “shi event（是事）” also evolved into a copula. Thereafter，the function of judgement sentences gradually expanded to description and “ye（也）” began to fall off and the meaning of the copula gradually changed，coming close to modern Chinese in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties，“shi（是）” was basically used only as a copula. The copula “shi（是）” is a product of the syntacticization of the text，resulting from the combined action of mechanisms such as metaphor，expansion，analogy，rhyme，and reanalysis.

keywords:shi（是） text syntacticization anaphora pronoun copula

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